An Overview of Urban Regeneration free essay sample

These two themes of urban regeneration are, indeed, complementary; insofar they allow a work in the fields of social development and improvement of environment. The first aims at making the inhabitants reach training and employment and the second tends to support their maintenance on the spot and attract new residents, by improving the quality of urban life. 1. 1Introduction of the Study As the world massively moving into modernization and world without boundaries, urban tourism has become an important economic source for city areas. Either in developed countries or developing countries, tourism has been allowed to be placed as an important urban function. This study will emphasize on the urban regeneration in sense of designing an urban tourism. The study will show how the post-industrial city being transferred into major attraction among tourists. We will analyze how the social mobilization will impact the city to be regenerated. Last but not least, how the preservation and function of heritage resources in the city affects urban regeneration. We will write a custom essay sample on An Overview of Urban Regeneration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 2Problem Statement The growth of tourism industry increase tremendously after 1970’s in urban areas. Ironically for industrial city, tourism industry is alienated or neglected from being part of the urban function. However, as the industry growth bigger and successfully attract major income for certain countries, the city area was facing stage of renewal or redevelopment in order to generate urban tourism. While urban regeneration projects and programs are by definition implemented in the existing city, it is a question of acting in-depth on the existing city and of reducing its dysfunctions. In Malaysia, urban regeneration is not a bombastic thing that ever happened. It does not even exist in Malaysia. That is the major problem facing by cities in Malaysia especially those that been developed during colonial era. And for this study, it is purposely focus on Taiping, Perak due to the history track where it is the first city in Malaysia that been built. And now, it’s facing the decline stage where it needs to be re-branded and rejuvenate. 1. 3Research Objectives In view of the above deliberation, the following objectives are being considered: a. To identify the needs of urban regeneration as the urban tourism push factor. b. To examine the impact of social mobilization towards urban regeneration c. To examine the needs of heritage towards urban regeneration 1. 4 Research Questions a. What are the needs of urban regeneration to become as the urban tourism push factor? b. Does the social mobilization incorporating with urban regeneration? c. How we can analyze the needs of cultural and heritage towards urban regeneration? ANSWERS 2. Overview Following World War II, and continuing into the early 1970s, â€Å"urban regeneration† referred primarily to public efforts to revitalize aging and decaying inner cities, although some suburban communities undertook such projects as well. Including massive demolition, slum clearance, and rehabilitation, urban regeneration in America proceeded initially from local and state legislation, which in Illinois included the Neighborhood Redevelopment Corporation Act of 1941 (amended in 1953), the Blighted Areas Redevelopment Act of 1947, the Relocation Act of 1947, and the Urban Community Conservation Act of 1953. The earliest emphasis was placed on slum clearance or â€Å"redevelopment,† which was followed by a focused effort to conserve threatened but not yet deteriorated neighborhoods (DCMS, 2004; Weaver, 2001). Urban regeneration means coordinated actions leading to improvement of the material state of the structures (modernization, revalorization) combined with the improvement of economic and social situation (Lorens, 2004). So, the new legislation had three primary functions. First, it expanded the citys power of eminent domain and enabled it to seize property for the new â€Å"public purposes† of slum clearance or prevention. Second, it pioneered the â€Å"write-down† formula which permitted the city to convey such property to private developers at its greatly reduced â€Å"use† value after the municipality subsidized its purchase and preparation. Last, the state provided assistance in relocating site residents — an absolute necessity in a time of severe housing shortages to enable the clearance of crowded, inner-city sites (Raco, 2002). The American Federal Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954, and their later amendments, mirrored the Illinois initiatives, providing a national framework and greater financial resources for the renewal effort. The clear intent was to offer public assistance to the private sector in the hope of heading off an urban crisis. 1. Social Mobilization While capacity-building usually refers to knowledge transfers to individuals or groups, social mobilization enables people to fuse what they themselves know with external information and techniques so as to carry out particular activities. For disadvantaged groups in particular (UN, 2004), this transformation increases their power relative to that of other groups in their socio-economic and political environments. Empowerment in this sense is thus an outcome of both the capacity-building of people and a reform of the rules and practices that oppress them (Wober, 1994). Social mobilization (Rapoport, 1977) reduces poverty because it is based on the premise that the poor are willing and able to carry out a number of functions themselves to improve their situations, given encouragement to form their own organizations for promoting their development through their own efforts and participating actively in decision-making that enhances their livelihoods. 1. Economic Restructuring Tourism development is often driven and rationalized by economic impacts (Law 1992; Judd 1995; Hall 1995; Law 1996; Department of National Heritage 1997; Cooper et. al. 1998). The type of partnership and its institutional framework utilized in the regeneration process depends upon the characteristics of the area, partnership objectives, activities and relationships between partners (Armstrong, 2000). It is argued that property developers – certain private commercial interests have gained legally massive advantages in the market place through the political means of state patronage (Brownill, 1990; Church, 1988). â€Å"†¦ stresses the capacity of community groups in development that is more sustainable and more appropriate to local socioeconomic and cultural conditions. Political economists tend to stress the resistance of economic, political, and bureaucratic interests in the state to community participation in planning and see the governance reforms as a victory of social movement for local community. † (Shatkin, 2000). Local people need to be more than consulted and involved: for regeneration to be owned by communities it must engage their hearts and minds. Ultimately, if regeneration is not owned by the community, its benefits will not endure (DETR, 1999). The initiative reflects the belief that the ‘bottom up’ approach to regeneration is the key, as opposed to the earlier ‘top down’ approach. Programs instigated by the communities to address their social, economic, and environmental needs are considered a priority (Beswick, 2000a) 2. Social Preferences People’s participation [in the community] is becoming the central issue of our time. The democratic transition in many developing countries, the collapse of many socialist regimes, and the worldwide emergence of people’s organizations: these are all part of an historical change, not just isolated events†¦ [Participation] can become a source of tremendous vitality and innovation for the creation of new and more just societies. — UN Development Program (1993) The recent interest in community participation throughout the world is premised on the perceived benefits that community participation brings to programs in terms of added efficiency, sustainability, and collective community power (Jones, 2003). By promoting community participation, community members can gain more local control and greater influence over their community (Cohen Uphoff, 1980). Researchers studying transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe have emphasized the political and cultural aspects of the changes since the collapse of communism (Sztompka, 1996, 2006; Lewis, 1997; Elster et al. 1998). â€Å"†¦in ‘real’ places the experienced is conditioned by a range of services in independently provided within a physical, social and cultural environment shaped (in both intended and unintended ways) by past patterns of development, as well as by the presence of visitors arriving independently† (Gordon and Goodall, 2000). The UTF treated the city as a valuable asset and considered ‘urbanism’ as a positively rather than a negatively laden term. Planning for the Communities of the Future’ complemented it by emphasizing the prominent role PDL should have in housing production. Consequently the Urban White Paper ‘Our Towns and Cities: The Future. Delivering an Urban Renaissance’ (DETR, 2000a) and the subsequent Sustainable Communities Plan (ODPM, 2003) tried to grasp the multiplicity of urban problems and solve them through ‘joined-up thinking’ and a ‘holistic’ approach using sustainability as the underlying principle of the new approach. 2. Heritage Cities are cultural entities. The texture of social and economic life in them is defined by their cultural energy or lack of it, and cities all over the world – Glasgow, Barcelona, Seattle – have demonstrated that by changing the way their cultural life is perceived you can change everything about them (Jones, 2000). 1. Resources Conservation in Urban Areas ‘The old city exemplifies the human scale, individuality, care and craftsmanship, richness and diversity that are lacking in the modern plastic, machine-made city with its repetitive components and large scale projects’ (Appleyard, 1979). Historic cities remain familiar in changing environment and provide a sense of place, which Conzen refers to as genius loci. This is one reason for urban conservation, together with the aesthetic, cultural and historical values identified as heritage, and the educational, spatial and townscape values (Larkham, 1996), combined with environmental concerns and economic viability (Lichfield, 1988). Conservation is a reflection and accumulation of values placed upon our traditions and culture. Without it ‘we would all be much poorer, disadvantaged of roots, more uncertain about who we are and who we were’ (Fethi, 1993). Even lived in surroundings are not identified as heritage; ‘people attach considerable value aspects of their immediate environment†¦ which give them a sense of identity and place of pride’ (Butt, 1988). Urban conservation is a political, economic and social concern; and tourism -, image- or fashion-led conservation will only be superficial. Lichfield (1988) describes conservation as action to cope with actual or potential obsolescence. Historical environments serve a social purpose and their loss as irreparable cultural has been demonstrated in post-war rebuilding. Conservation is necessary for society both practically and in the academic sense of the historic knowledge (Whitehand, 1981). 2. 2. 2Culture as the Key to Urban Regeneration In the new millennium, mega cities leaders and opinion-makers have continually emphasized that the future of their metropolis is tied to culture (Shaw and William, 2002). In the case of Montreal, it isn’t the only city to have recognized the value of culture. Toronto has decided to invest heavily in its cultural infrastructure, while New York City has opted to directly support creative endeavors in order to consolidate its reputation as a city of cultural excellence. More than ever before, culture is the beating heart of a city. In a world where cities rather than countries are the real players in a competitive global economy, culture is now widely recognized as a vehicle of economic and urban development (Cowan, 2007). By virtue of its ability to generate a creative environment that attracts the investors and talents of the new knowledge- and innovation-based economy, culture is destined to become increasingly ingrained in the urban fabric. While urban cultural tourism continues to be dominated by the great capitals of culture such as Paris and London, the current trend of improving the cultural offering means even cities previously lacking cultural interest can emerge as new tourist destinations (Doratli et al, 2004). Other cities have opted instead for urban renewal projects aimed at enhancing and improving access to the culture. According to Mershon (2000), Some of these projects are meant to re-energize a heritage district and others to change the vocation of an old quarter, as in the case of the revitalization of Quebec City’s Petit Champlain and Saint-Roch districts. The latter, site of workshops and stores since the founding of New France, is today a thriving mix of historic homes, restaurants, businesses and theatres. Saint-Roch, meanwhile, owes its new lease on life to one of the largest urban construction projects in the provincial capital. The city invested $5. 2 million in the landscaping of Jardin Saint-Roch, a veritable oasis of greenery amidst the greyness of the then-neglected neighborhood. Today the neighborhood is a hot new destination in the heart of the city, boasting trendy restaurants, fashionable watering holes, lovely avant-garde boutiques and more than 100 artists’ studios. Redevelopment can also help structure the urban cultural offering. In Montreal, municipal leaders have been working in partnership with local tourism and cultural sectors since 2003 on development of an arts and entertainment district to be called the â€Å"Quartier des spectacles. † A similar initiative was recently launched by Vancouver, which this past April (in collaboration with British Columbia’s Ministry of Tourism, Sports and Arts) announced a $10-million investment to support creation of a cultural precinct in the heart of downtown. It appears each city must adopt an approach to cultural development tailored to its specific circumstances, history and means. Urban and cultural tourism, for its part, is simply what flows from the existing and constantly evolving dynamics between the inhabitants of urban spaces and those who visit them. City planning, sociology, tourism and ultimately the economy itself appear to be but variables in the same equation: that of living well together (Timur, 2005). CONCLUSION In this study, a descriptive research had been chosen as a type of research. This is because the descriptive research is conducted with the objective to portray an accurate description of events, situations of person (Saunders et al. , 2003). Besides that, descriptive research is also based on some previous understanding of the nature of the problem which is different from exploratory research. As the purpose of descriptive study is to describe characteristics of the population or phenomenon, it does relate with the purpose of this study which is to determined factors influencing Malaysian’s perceptions towards e-ticketing. Furthermore, a collections of quantitative data will also being used to which involves gathering numerical data using structured questionnaires or observation guides to collect primary data from individuals (Hair et al,. 2007). Quantitative data is when measurements which are numbers are being used directly to represent the characteristics of something. Quantitative data collection is chosen because they are recorded through numbers and being form easily into a statistical analysis.

Personality and Memory essays

Personality and Memory essays What constitutes a human is not simply given. It is also created by us. (Kennan Malik) The memory affects our personality because our memory, the mental capability of recalling past experiences (www.dictionary.com), forms from our environment, which causes our traits and behavior to develop or alter, thus, affecting our personality. Personality is the sum of the patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are characteristics of a person. However when describing someones personality they are often referring to the difference of the level of traits we have. We all have the same traits; the only difference is that each of us has a different level of each trait. (Pervin, Lawrence A.) An example would be that if two children, Jack and Jill, were playing with a toy and you took the toy away. Jack might start to yell and cry and Jill might just make a mean face, grab another toy, and start to play with it. Jack would have shown high levels of aggressiveness, and Jill would have shown low levels of aggressiveness, even though both traits were apparent. Although everyone has a unique personality, we all have the same traits, just different levels of each. The environment and hereditary means are mainly the two factors that contribute to developing a persons personality. (Pervin, Lawrence A.) The environment consists of people, experiences, situations and places. A change in personality can be a cause of a physical or mental problem such as dementias associated with Alzheimer's, AIDS, strokes, a brain tumor or head injury, alcohol or drug abuse, adverse effects of medications or, depression, a traumatic event, and other stress related issues. (uihealthcare.com/topics/symptoms/symp3223.html) The personality is the way we behave, think and feel because of the different levels of traits that have been acquired through the environment or through hereditary means. ...

Critically examine how a firms HR strategy could be its source of Essay

Critically examine how a firms HR strategy could be its source of competitive advantage - Essay Example This success has come with its share of problems and discrepancies as well. There have been occasions when the workforce has just not been good enough. Also the fact that this workforce has relied heavily on the adequate usage of the resources at hand is another quagmire that the peculiar business fraternities have found themselves within. The manner in which the HR operations have brought about a huge drift within the global business operations and the building up of competitive advantage over a period of time is an example in its own right and one that deserves its due share of acclaim and applaud, however the significance of having diverse workforce regimes is one aspect that needs to be understood within the proper contexts. The present day workforce depends a great deal on the way in which workers perform their duties and remain committed to the growth potentials of the business. It does not really matter if the workers are full time employees, or contingent or part time ones. What is needed and looked upon is the manner in which employees work towards attaining the goals and objectives of the business and provide benefits to the eventual position of the organization. This is the single most quintessential basis for the HR to identify with and no other aspect is deemed in the same vein when it comes to the amount of significance that the organizational employees could exhibit on any given day. (Peterson, 2002) If the HR entity has a major share of temporary workers within its fold, it is of paramount essence that the organization’s own culture is strong and there are no apprehensions in this basis whatsoever. This is because organization’s culture lays the foundation stone for their devot ion and work place performance levels to a higher magnitude. Any set of values and beliefs make up a culture, the simplest definition that one could

W11DBBCCDiscDQ1 and DQ2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W11DBBCCDiscDQ1 and DQ2 - Essay Example The CAPM can be calculated using the following formula: Risk and return have a positive relationship. Securities that have higher risks will generate higher profits. Risk adverse investors prefer investment options with low or cero risk such as Treasury bills. The rate of return of common stocks is higher than Treasury bills due to the higher risks associated with common stocks. The value of a firm can be estimated using financial models such as the dividend discount model (Nyu). There are various factors that determine the risks of a project. Three of those factors are location of the project, timeline requirements, and quality of the labor provided by the project manager and team members. The funding available for a project is another variable that influences the success of a project. Projects that have unlimited funding have a greater chance of success than under funded projects. A major financial decision companies make is deciding the composition of the capital structure of the firm. Accountingformanagement.com (2011). The Use of Net Present Value (NPV) Method in Capital Budgeting Decisions – Discounted Cash Flows. Retrieved September 3, 2011 from

Consumer Mathmatics and Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer Mathmatics and Statistics - Assignment Example On the first look, we may say that the claim would be true and we are more likely to believe on it. But, we should also consider that the researcher is implying a connection between Vitamin E being an antioxidant and that it may help fight cancer and heart disease. That is a faulty connection. Noticeably, the use of the word â€Å"might† reduces the ability of the claim to be a 100% true. For we know, using words such as â€Å"may† or â€Å"might†, does not guarantee or assure us that a result will always follow. The researcher has not established a correction connection, thus, used the statistics incorrectly, specifically implied connection mistake was committed (Statistics, nd). To address the problem, the researcher must avoid using words that would suggest a doubt to the readers. Another misuse of statistics is called suspect samples. To illustrate this, let us consider a statement made by an author in a recent article, claiming that 71% of adults do not use sunscreen. Determining the correct sample size and correct sampling method is one of the crucial parts of doing statistics. The previous statement is quite misleading since the sample used was not declared or where did the sample has came from was not stated. If these 71% of the adults are from the North Pole, which there is no enough sunlight for nearly four months, then that would be true. However, the conclusion would not be correct since those adults do not represent the whole number of adults in the US or in the world. Or, if the samples were from countries like Saudi Arabia, the Middle East or regions experiencing a hot climate and direct sunlight, the results would have been different. That is, we can conclude that most adults are using sunscreen. In eliminating the mistake, the researcher should present a data or report that the readers can conclude that the samples are really representative of the population being studied, or indicate a reliable source of the information

Literature Review on Online Gaming

Literature Review on Online Gaming The purpose of this study is to map out and see the relationship between MMORPG game player personalities and style based on player type theory and game players’ thinking preferences in order to increase sales, opportunity to improve in game development and apply thinking preference to offer personalize in-game product or promotion by using framework of Player type theory and Whole brain thinking preference model relationship. This chapter provides a review of overall concept and theory among different researches from different authors which are discussed with different topics as follow: Online game MMORPG game Player type theory Whole Brain thinking preference model Brief history of PC/online games play important roles. Computer games’ influence is growing continuingly as research shows that the age of children playing games continue to be younger and internet usage among children becomes more popular. Moreover, the internet access has become widespread since 1990s, which impacted people’s working, socializing and behaviors (Dindar Akbulut, 2014). The Internet become an important media role in information age especially for children and youth who are a group that influences by internet use (Makesrithongkum, 2009). The internet also has a great impact on marketing concepts especially in the game sectors in terms of alerting relationship marketing activities with customers (Maklan Klaus, 2011). Online games become interactive because they allow game players around the world to interact with each other in one single platform. Eventually, online games began to becoming the important factor of our social culture (Nuangjumnonga Mitomo, 2012) and (Williams et al., 2008). Online games also bring people together to form society which players interact with each other in virtual world that are always on. These worlds, called â€Å"massively multiplayer online games† or MMOs (Steinkuehler Williams, 2006). As the computers and online games market grew rapidly many people especially teenager spend great amounts of time playing online games (Boyle, Connolly, Hainey, 2011; Gonzà ¡lez-Gonzà ¡lez, Toledo-Delgado, Collazos-Ordoà ±ez, Gonzà ¡lez-Sà ¡nchez, 2014). Challenges for marketing industry in measurement of online game players’ interaction with a game become critical since it is an important key for company sustainability (Tony, Richard, Paul, 2009). Moreover, there is a few knowledge about how customer experiences on online game that would be from their consumption which might be interpreted into customer value perception (Iyanna, Bosangit, Mohd-Any, 2012). Brief history of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) play important roles. The history of MMORPG was born in 1970s and was started as a â€Å"Multi User Dungeons (MUDs)† on the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) back in the mid-1970s and currently this industry is continue to grow rapidly (Daniel Daniel, 2012, chap. 41; Hou et al., 2011; Lo Wen, 2010; Rezaei Ghodsi, 2014). MMORPGs are form of MUD games that offer a persistent 3D virtual world to support thousands of players to playing together on the Internet or PCs (Lo Wen, 2010). â€Å"In an MMORPG, the world exists before the user logs on, and continues to exist when the user logs off† (Yee, 2006). In the year of 2003, â€Å"Ragnarok Online†, on of MMORPG licensed from Gravity Corporation, South Korea. It was localized into Thai language to serve Thai gamers. â€Å"This game was an immense success, with the highest peak Concurrent Users of over 110,600† (ASIASOFT CORPORATION PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED, 2013). Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) provide game players many game-play options. It allow players to connect and interact with other players in open-world virtual landscapes filled with a variety of possible activities. It able players to be able to create and control their own avatars to play with others either as allies or competitors in 3D graphical video environments (Steinkuehler Williams, 2006). These games attract lots amount of players of all ages, nationalities, and occupations, and average playing time for these games is usually in excess of 20 h per week (Griffiths, Davies, Chappell, 2004; Williams et al., 2008; Yee, 2006a). The popularity of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) makes it very important to investigate how they impact on gamers’ lives (Zhong, 2011). Furthermore, it is even more important to understand how to design a successful MMORPG that can satisfy the target game players (Ang, Zaphiris, Mahmood, 2007; Lo Wen, 2010; Zhong, 2011) and retain them (Hou, Chern, Chen, Chen, 2011). In terms of game business, one of the leading game company in Thailand with the offering of 17 MMORPGs game (only count the ones offer in Thailand), Asiasoft Corporation Public Company Limited (the â€Å"Company† or â€Å"AS†) has generate their revenue by offering (1) Air Time sale in which players have to pay base on their hours of playing MMORPG games (2) Item sale in which players able to play MMORPG games free of charge but company will sell in-game items such as equipment, accessories or some other items that make that player become better in somehow than other player who does not purchase in-game items. In-game items sometime come with marketing campaign by offering on sales price in order to attract player to purchase them. Currently, revenue model of online game has shift from Air Time sale to Item sale. The reason behind is that there are more chance for game player to be attracted because they can play MMORPG game for free which also increase the chance to se ll in-game items later on (ASIASOFT CORPORATION PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED, 2013). MMORPGs brought a significant role in online game player interactions within game industries. MMORPG users experience more complicate gaming behavior compared to other virtual games players so this issue leads to further research in the MMORPGs industry (Stetina, Kothgassner, Lehenbauer, and Kryspin-Exner (2011); Rezaei Ghodsi, 2014). In software industry, software developer which provide consumers with personalized product based on individual preference have been shown to be better choices (Murray Hà ¤ubl, 2009). There are multidimensional influences of motivational factors those were relatively neglected in previous related studies including research of (Nuangjumnonga Mitomo, 2012) which has done the research that seek for the correlation that exists between character roles in games and leadership in everyday life. The research is about roles in the game and leadership styles are linked and how they influence each other using (Multiplayer online battle arena) MOBA game genre and three styles of leadership which develop from IBM’s research project. The researchers also conduct a survey regarding gameplay behaviors and leadership behaviors distributed in Thailand to identify the game roles which taken by the game players and also to identify their leadership styles. The result shows correlations between relationship of game and leadership style. Some of research mention about gaming environment have tremendous impact and players are motivated to engage them (Ryan, Rigby, Przybylski, 2006). There are theories of motivations that have been applied to game and motivate player. Yee (2007) has presented studies focus on (Massively Multiplayer Online) MMO games that involve with players interact in virtual environment (in game) through online game character. In his research, he identified different factor analysis including overarching, non-exclusive, motives. These factors were derived from Bartle’s type theory. Another theory has been address which is called Self-determination. In its early development, researcher focus on motivation based on the inherent satisfactions derived from action (Ryan Deci, 2000a). Base on Self-determination theory, intrinsic motivation is the core type of motivation underlying play and sport (Frederick Ryan, 1993, 1995; Ryan, Rigby, Przybylski, 2006), and it is a type of motivation related to computer game participation in which people typically play these games because they are intrinsically satisfying (Malone Lepper, 1987; Ryan, Rigby, Przybylski, 2006) or, as Bartle (2004) state that players are seeking â€Å"fun†. Player type theory One of the major concern about MMORPGs study is to identify the motivations of game players to engage in gaming environments. Bartle’s (1996) player taxonomy was among the first studies to describe player motivations in virtual worlds. Bartle’s (1996) player type theory was stated that there are four main reasons why people continue playing Multi-User Dungeon (MUDs: ancestors of MMORPGs) which are to achieve in the game, imposition others, explore through the game, and socialize with other players. This theory first start off with taxonomy of game players of MUDs or Multi-User Dungeon which is the multiplayer online game that allow many players to join at the same time. According to Bartle’s player type theory, there are four things that people typically enjoyed personally about MUDs were: Achievement within the game context – Players set goals or mission by themselves and try to achieve them. In MMORPG game, they would be the ones that try to gain point and gaining level as their main goal. They will explore only to seek for new items or treasure. Socializing is needed when they wants to know about how to improving their points in the game and gain knowledge to apply to be better player in the game. They will be killing others only to eliminate rivals or get rid of people who get in the way or gaining some point which awarded from killing other players. Achievers are focusing on master the game. They analyze which way they would accomplish the game and achieve them base on their action. They focus on acting (role play in the game, mission and goal) and world (game environment that makes them accomplish something in the game). Exploration of the game – Players try to know as much as possible about the virtual world in terms of mapping. They usually go in the wild and out-of the way places. They seek for interesting places and features in the game. Scoring point is only necessary when it allows player to be able to access to other new places. They focus on interacting with the world. They are proud from knowing about the game more than other players. Socializing with others – Players use the role-playing game to interact with other players. They interest in people over than context of the game itself. Scoring point is only necessary when it allows player to be able to gain access to some communication which available only for the one who meet the target. Exploration is only necessary for players when they only want to know what others are talking about. Killing is only for revenge upon someone who has cause pain to a friend. Imposition upon others – Players use tools provided by the game to offend other players. They usually find weapons and apply it to another player in the game. Knowledge about the game does not needed but only need when it can apply to the person. They are proud of their reputation and fighting skills. Figure 5: Player type theory graph Whole brain thinking model In the past, there are numbers of researches that have tried to identify thinking style of people. There are some theories and research which able to identify different thinking style which will be apply in this research. Whole brain thinking preference model was develop in the year of 1996. This instrument is based on belief that parts of the brain (left and right hemisphere, cerebral and limbic brain) form a grid that divide into quadrants resulting in different brain dominance of each person (Orcik, Vrgovic, Tekic, 2013). Triune Brain theory Triune Brain theory was invented by Paul McLean in 1968. The theory itself separate human brain into three layers which works differently for each part (McLean, 1990). It consists of the reptilian brain (core brain), the limbic system (mid layer), and the cerebral system (outer layer) (McLean, 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬) which is described as follows: The Reptilian brain functional to controls every basic function of our living. It maintains patterns and habits of human body and controls primitive behavior, sensation, and survival. Environment does minimal effects to this part of brain. The Limbic system is considered to be primary centers of emotion thinking, form and sequence which play a key role in memory transformation and retrieval (Andrew, 2001). McLean acknowledges that the senses we feel about the rationality of our thoughts has its roots in this system of emotional intelligence (McLean, 1990). The Cerebral system (Neocortex) is a part that does all planning, analysis, synthesis, reasoning thinking, problem solving and decision-making which consider to be the most complex part. It provide logical and formal operational thinking possible and allows us to plan for the future. It is kept all gained knowledge and allows us to reuse that knowledge in the future. Left Brain/Right Brain theory Theory of Left Brain/Right Brain was discovered in 1970 by Roger Sperry. The experiments revealed that the left and right hemispheres of the brain were actually functioning independently from each other. Right side of the brain function as recognizing faces, expressing emotions, musical ability, intuition, creativity, humor and metaphor. However, left side of the brain is able to function as analytical, language, logic, critical thinking, numbers, time sequencing and reasoning. Whole Brain thinking preference model Whole Brain Thinking is the ability for individuals to act outside of their own preferred Thinking Preference (Brian, 2011). Each individual has their own dominance thinking preference therefore, tools to measure is needed. Ned Herrmann cluster human brain into four different parts by combining between the theory of Triune Brain (McLean, 1990) and Left Brain and Right Brain theory (Roger, 1985; Springer and Deutch, 1985). Ned Hermann developed the Whole brain model that can be measured each person and categorize them into one of the four quadrants by using Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument as a tool. The result shows degree of dominance of a person in four thinking structures of human brain. The Whole Brain model divided human brain into a grid that contains four equal quadrants, and labeled by using first four letters of alphabet to indicate A as an upper left quadrant, B as a lower left quadrant, C as a lower right quadrant, and D as an upper right quadrant. The letters A and D represent the cerebral system, and the letters B and C represent the limbic system (Herrmann, 1996; Brian, 2011) as shown in the figure below and describe later on. Figure 6: Whole Brain Model Quadrant A refers to Analyzer who deals with logical, analytical, fact based, and quantitative. Analyzer tends to think logically, analyze facts and process numbers. Persons who rely in this quadrant will perform logic thinking to do problem solving and have realistic thinking (Rittippant, Ruyaporn, Hongpaisanvivat, Limrahaphan, Kasemweerakul, 2013). Quadrant B refers to Organizer who deals with organization, sequential thinking, planning and detail. Organizer tends to make everything goes smoothly and perfectly based on their plans. Persons who rely in this quadrant also like to get things done on time. They are detail oriented and does not use emotion to make a decision and tend to avoid risks and do everything conservatively (Rittippant, Ruyaporn, Hongpaisanvivat, Limrahaphan, Kasemweerakul, 2013). Quadrant C refers to Personalizer who deals with kinesthetic, emotional, feelings based and interpersonal skills. Personalizer tends to be people-oriented and tender. Persons who rely in this quadrant always care others’ feeling and looks to other people’s values. They will be a friendly, trusting and empathetic person (Rittippant, Ruyaporn, Hongpaisanvivat, Limrahaphan, Kasemweerakul, 2013). Quadrant D refers to Visualizer who deals with intuitive thinking, integration, synthesizing, and a holistic approach. Visualizer tends to be able to see the big picture and try to solve problem based on their instinct. Persons who rely in this quadrant are visionary and imaginative. They like changing, challenging and risk taking; dislikes any forms of rules and regulations (Rittippant, Ruyaporn, Hongpaisanvivat, Limrahaphan, Kasemweerakul, 2013). Each of human being has different brain dominance. Moreover, most people tend to have at least one dominant or preferred quadrant based on whole brain model. There are no better or worse among each of dominance quadrants. Eventually, each of the dominance quadrants will express Thinking Preference in that person. These will lead to different game playing style in MMROPG genre. Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI) Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI) is a tool to measuring the degree of preference between each of the four individual thinking structures (quadrants) and each of the four-paired structures (modes). HBDI is the only assessment based on the metaphor of how our brain actually works. It is only used to determine thinking styles and preference rather than the psychology of personality or behavior. The Whole Brain model divided human brain into four equal quadrants, and labeled by using first four letters of alphabet including A as an upper left quadrant, B as a lower left quadrant, C as a lower right quadrant, and D as an upper right quadrant. The letters A and D represent the cerebral system, and the letters B and C represent the limbic system (Herrmann, 1995; Brian, 2011).  © 2014 Tanarat Hongpaisanvivat All Rights Reserved

Lebanon Essay example -- Lebanese History, Religion, Politics

In the United States, citizens take their freedom and rights on numerous things for granted. Different countries, such as Lebanon, do not get to experience the wide range privileges we have grown accustomed to in America. Settled in the western party of Asia, Lebanon appears to be a quiet and calm country. But Lebanese citizens constantly debate and fight over their country’s status on controversial and different human rights, such as laws against the gays and their country’s women’s right, on a daily basis. Lebanon is a country very well known for its strict religious Muslims upbringing (Lebanon 2011). Because of the country’s religious background, sexual relations and sexuality remains a notorious topic that is not discuss amongst others. According to Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code, it is forbidden to participate in sexual relations that go against what the Lebanese citizens consider as laws of nature, such as homosexuality, adultery, sodomy, and fornication. If they were to be caught, punishment of a year or more in prison will be the result of the crime (LGBT rights in Lebanon 2011). Not only does Lebanon’s laws and strict religion prevents citizens in partaking what they consider a devious act, their society also plays a large role in attempting to stop homosexuality to spread throughout their country. In 2003, Lebanese media reported a situation at a Dunkin Donuts store, where the general manager refused to serve any customers that are gay or appear to be gay looking. Her defense for her action was that she wanted to reassure the parents of the children that came by were being protected and taken care of (LGBT rights in Lebanon 2011). If a scenario similar to this had happen in the United States, the general mange... ...establishes a balance of power among the major religious groups in the country (Human Rights in Lebanon 2011). More than half the population in Lebanon consider themselves as Muslims, while only 39% are Christians (Lebanon 2011). In this case, Muslims would be placed higher in authority and power compared to Christians. Generally the government respects all aspects of religions, but when it comes to politics, usually the superior religion will win the office (Human Rights in Lebanon 2011). Many of Lebanon’s human rights in their country are considered unreasonable and unfamiliar to American citizens who take their constitutional rights for granted. Regardless of the United States’ fortunate human rights act, Lebanon is a country of its own; it’s not America. Whenever they are ready, Lebanon will make new laws and changes that best suits its modernized country. Lebanon Essay example -- Lebanese History, Religion, Politics In the United States, citizens take their freedom and rights on numerous things for granted. Different countries, such as Lebanon, do not get to experience the wide range privileges we have grown accustomed to in America. Settled in the western party of Asia, Lebanon appears to be a quiet and calm country. But Lebanese citizens constantly debate and fight over their country’s status on controversial and different human rights, such as laws against the gays and their country’s women’s right, on a daily basis. Lebanon is a country very well known for its strict religious Muslims upbringing (Lebanon 2011). Because of the country’s religious background, sexual relations and sexuality remains a notorious topic that is not discuss amongst others. According to Article 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code, it is forbidden to participate in sexual relations that go against what the Lebanese citizens consider as laws of nature, such as homosexuality, adultery, sodomy, and fornication. If they were to be caught, punishment of a year or more in prison will be the result of the crime (LGBT rights in Lebanon 2011). Not only does Lebanon’s laws and strict religion prevents citizens in partaking what they consider a devious act, their society also plays a large role in attempting to stop homosexuality to spread throughout their country. In 2003, Lebanese media reported a situation at a Dunkin Donuts store, where the general manager refused to serve any customers that are gay or appear to be gay looking. Her defense for her action was that she wanted to reassure the parents of the children that came by were being protected and taken care of (LGBT rights in Lebanon 2011). If a scenario similar to this had happen in the United States, the general mange... ...establishes a balance of power among the major religious groups in the country (Human Rights in Lebanon 2011). More than half the population in Lebanon consider themselves as Muslims, while only 39% are Christians (Lebanon 2011). In this case, Muslims would be placed higher in authority and power compared to Christians. Generally the government respects all aspects of religions, but when it comes to politics, usually the superior religion will win the office (Human Rights in Lebanon 2011). Many of Lebanon’s human rights in their country are considered unreasonable and unfamiliar to American citizens who take their constitutional rights for granted. Regardless of the United States’ fortunate human rights act, Lebanon is a country of its own; it’s not America. Whenever they are ready, Lebanon will make new laws and changes that best suits its modernized country.